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| ||||||||||<tablewidth="200px"style="text-align:center">'''The ±50 materials in Ashby[Ashby2013]''' || ||Metals and alloys ||Polymers and elastomers ||Ceramics and glasses ||Hybrids: composities, forams, wood, and paper ||Man-made and natural fibers || ||Low-carbon steel ||ABS ||Brick ||CFRP || || ||low-alloy steel ||Polyamide, PA ||Stone ||GFRP || || ||Stainless steel ||Polypropylene, PP ||Concrete ||Sheet molding compound || || ||Cast iron ||Polyethylene, PE ||Alumina ||Bulk molding compound || || ||Aluminum alloys ||Polycarbonate, PC ||Soda-lime glass ||Furan-based composites || || ||Magnesium alloys ||PET ||Borosilicate glass ||rigid polymer foam || || ||Titanium alloys ||PVC || ||Flexible polymer foam || || ||Copper alloys ||Polystyrene, PS || ||Softwood, along grain || || ||Lead alloys ||Polyactide, PLA || ||Softwood, across grain || || ||Zinc alloys ||PHB || ||Hardwood, along grain || || ||Nickel-chrome alloys ||Epoxy || ||Hardwood, across grain || || ||Nickel based super alloys ||Polyester || ||Plywood || || |
||||||||||<tablewidth="200px"style="text-align:center">'''The ±50 materials in Ashby[Ashby2013] ''' || ||'''Metals and alloys ''' ||'''Polymers and elastomers ''' ||'''Ceramics and glasses ''' ||'''Hybrids: composities, forams, wood, and paper ''' ||'''Man-made and natural fibers ''' || ||Low-carbon steel ||ABS ||Brick ||CFRP ||Aramid|| ||low-alloy steel ||Polyamide, PA ||Stone ||GFRP ||Carbon|| ||Stainless steel ||Polypropylene, PP ||Concrete ||Sheet molding compound ||Glass|| ||Cast iron ||Polyethylene, PE ||Alumina ||Bulk molding compound ||Coir|| ||Aluminum alloys ||Polycarbonate, PC ||Soda-lime glass ||Furan-based composites ||Cotton|| ||Magnesium alloys ||PET ||Borosilicate glass ||Rigid polymer foam ||Flax|| ||Titanium alloys ||PVC || ||Flexible polymer foam ||Hemp|| ||Copper alloys ||Polystyrene, PS || ||Softwood, along grain ||Jute|| ||Lead alloys ||Polyactide, PLA || ||Softwood, across grain ||Kenaf|| ||Zinc alloys ||PHB || ||Hardwood, along grain ||Ramie|| ||Nickel-chrome alloys ||Epoxy || ||Hardwood, across grain ||Sisal|| ||Nickel based super alloys ||Polyester || ||Plywood ||Straw|| |
Materials
Relevant books, explaining materials and material behaviour, are the books of M.F. Ashby and coauthors [Ashby2005, Ashby2007, Ashby2013]. Ashby et al., in their book about materials and the environment [Ashby2013], included a chapter with an overview of ±50 materials and many physical, not only mechanical, properties of these materials plus design guidelines how to apply these materials, see Figure 1
The ±50 materials in Ashby[Ashby2013] |
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Metals and alloys |
Polymers and elastomers |
Ceramics and glasses |
Hybrids: composities, forams, wood, and paper |
Man-made and natural fibers |
Low-carbon steel |
ABS |
Brick |
CFRP |
Aramid |
low-alloy steel |
Polyamide, PA |
Stone |
GFRP |
Carbon |
Stainless steel |
Polypropylene, PP |
Concrete |
Sheet molding compound |
Glass |
Cast iron |
Polyethylene, PE |
Alumina |
Bulk molding compound |
Coir |
Aluminum alloys |
Polycarbonate, PC |
Soda-lime glass |
Furan-based composites |
Cotton |
Magnesium alloys |
PET |
Borosilicate glass |
Rigid polymer foam |
Flax |
Titanium alloys |
PVC |
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Flexible polymer foam |
Hemp |
Copper alloys |
Polystyrene, PS |
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Softwood, along grain |
Jute |
Lead alloys |
Polyactide, PLA |
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Softwood, across grain |
Kenaf |
Zinc alloys |
PHB |
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Hardwood, along grain |
Ramie |
Nickel-chrome alloys |
Epoxy |
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Hardwood, across grain |
Sisal |
Nickel based super alloys |
Polyester |
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Plywood |
Straw |
Silver |
Phenolic |
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Paper and cardboard |
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Gold |
Natural rubber |
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Butyl rubber, BR |
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EVA |
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Polychloroprene, CR |
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The data categories mentioned in this book are: 1. Mechanical properties,2. Thermal properties,3. Electrical properties,4. Eco properties regarding - material, - processing of the material5. End of life properties and 6. Typical use of the material.Furthermore, this book contains data about how much energy is needed and how much $CO_2$ is generated to produce a kilogram of this material, this is especially useful for design for sustainability.- Material properties- Deformations caused by loads- How to select materialsMaterial parameters can be found here: - Materials and the environment book